The author also expounds upon this definition and provides examples of swarms versus non-swarms. He defines a robot swarm as a group of three or more robots that perform tasks cooperatively while receiving limited or no control from human operators. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Armaments Center (CCDC-AC), wrote a draft research paper on swarming robotics titled “What is Swarming Robotics, and Why Swarms?”. Ross Arnold, a senior research engineer from the U.S. These predictions are discussed in the classified version of the report. The report also has predictions for three time frames: immediate (2017−2019), intermediate (2020−2022), and emerging (2023−2025). Each sUAS will not focus on a designated position, but rather will position itself relative to other sUAS.Swarming members communicate with one another.The group seems to act as a unit, but each individual executes local behaviors.In this report, the authors define a swarm as a group of 40 or more small UAS (sUAS) where the following criteria are met: The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine describe swarms as operator-enabled or software-enabled coordinated groups of UAS. Sciarretta, the Chair on the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s Committee for Battalion-and-Below Operations. The restricted report Counter-Unmanned Aircraft System (CUAS) Capability for Battalion-and-Below Operations was presented by Lieutenant Colonel Albert A. Table 1: Comparison of Swarm and Team Attributes. He differentiates swarms and teams of robots, which is an important differentiation (Table 1). Swarming was deemed well suited for 1) area search and attack where target distribution and location are not known 2) surveillance, diversion, and suppression of hostile force’s actions 3) psychological warfare and 4) system software complexity reduction (as proper algorithms allow the UAS to make collective decisions rather than individual UAS control). īen Clough, a control automation technical leader for the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), defined swarming in a 2002 conference publication as “a collection of autonomous individuals relying on local sensing and reactive behaviors interacting such that a global behavior emerges from the interactions.” In other words, swarming is an emergent behavior that relies on the interactions of individuals running simple local rules and depends on the local agents having reactive rules arranged in a subsumptive architecture. The FAA defines a swarm as “an operation of more than one UA in which all UAs operate in unison to commands from one PIC, who commands them all through a common link” in the Order JO 7200.23A policy. soil, specifically regarding the operation of an unmanned aircraft (UA) by a pilot in command (PIC) in the National Air Space (NAS). The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has been a leader in UAS policy on U.S. ![]() In a 2000 RAND Corporation publication on swarming, authors John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt present a definition of swarming that has been referenced in several subsequent publications: “engaging an adversary from all directions simultaneously, either with fire or in force”. ![]() It is also noted that Air Force and Naval assets will play critical roles in the delivery, sustainment, and cyber protection of UAS swarms on land and in air and sea. Hurst theorizes that there will be two broad categories of future swarm combatants: “fire support swarms” and “maneuver swarms.” It is mentioned that swarms should be inserted into the five forms of offensive maneuver recognized under Army doctrine. Hurst states that nobody knows what swarm combatants will look like or what the capabilities will be, with multiple prototype pathways being explored. įurthermore, in a 2017 Joint Forces Quarterly article, the author, Jules Hurst, states that there is reluctance to begin theorizing about specific swarm tactics as there is no clear developmental path in the technology. The authors define swarms as UAS that follow and take tasks from other UAS, but the authors neither specify a minimum number for a swarm nor pinpoint a definition of autonomous UAS. However, in a 2017 NATO Review magazine article, the authors note that there is no legal or agreed upon definition of autonomous UAS. DoD is constantly seeking solutions to reduce the number of warfighters in hostile situations, with unmanned and autonomous weapons being one such solution. DSIAC used open sources, conference presentations, and subject matter expert input to collect and summarize published DoD definitions of UAS swarms. The Defense Systems Information Analysis Center (DSIAC) was tasked with researching how different U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) community and has varied definitions depending on the organization discussing it. Unmanned aerial systems (UAS) swarming is a debated term within the U.S.
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