![]() PWM frequency, you set the timer rate to 25600 and then the output changes 100 times per second with a duty cycle depending on "value". Since one PWM cycle is 256 interrupts long, you need to take your desired PWM rate and multiply by 256. and the pin is turned on or off depending on the comparison of "count" to "value". Since "count" is 8 bit, it just spins around FF, FE, FD.2, 1, 0, FF. So lets say if i want to have 62kHz frequency PWM (which would be using timer0), this would disturb my functions like millis(), delay() and micros(), as said by MarkT. Then, setup any timer you wish to any frequency you wish (times 256) and then simply put a value from 0 to 255 into "value". As jurs said that the absolute maximum PWM frequency for 8-bit PWM output is something like ca. The "PWM_OUT", DDR and BIT are defined by you depending on what pin you want to use. (count- > value) ? PWM_OUT |= PWM_BIT : PWM_OUT &= ~PWM_BIT PWM_DDR |= PWM_BIT // set pwm pin as output I see you already chose a solution, but keep this idea for reference: volatile uint8_t value I am making a device that the main function is to output a PWM signal that is variable in range of 20-120Hz and duty cycle variable between 0-100%. TIMSK1 |= (1 << TOIE1) // enable timer overflow interruptÄigitalWrite(output, digitalRead(output)^1) TCNT1 = timer(onFreq) // preload timer 65536-16MHz/256/Frequency Here is what I am doing right now, but I very well may be doing this completely wrong. Does anyone have any ideas on how I could fix this? I can get it working when I just toggle the output, but when I try to incorporate the duty cycle it gets weird and out of sync. So my idea is to have the flashing in a timer interrupt. I have a lot of other things going on in the program and cannot put it in my main loop function because it will be interrupted by other events. ![]() ICR1 denotes the TOP value (controls frequency) and OCR1A gives the switching value. After a lot of experimentation and further reading, below is the correct setup for variable frequency and duty cycle. You should post a timing-diagram that clearly shows the relations between the step-signal for the stepper-motor and the laser-trigger-signal. I was not setting up the registers correctly for fast PWM in mode 14 (ATMEGA328P has 15 timer1 modes). GND is the ground pin.I am making a device that the main function is to output a PWM signal that is variable in range of 20-120Hz and duty cycle variable between 0-100%. You need a non blocking stepper library like my MobaTools or Accelstepper. But to use a controller in a high-frequency circuit like in a buck converter, the controller must be able to generate a high-frequency PWM waves. One such application is in high-frequency circuits. It can be used for almost any application that one can think of. The 3V3 pin is the output from the on-board voltage regulator you can get up to 600mA from it. Arduino Uno is one of the most commonly used Development boards these days. The VIN pin can be used to directly power the ESP32 and its peripherals, if you have a regulated 5V power supply. There are two power pins: the VIN pin and the 3V3 pin. So, using timer 1 and timer 2, could get 4 pwm, 2 at 25kHz and 2 at 31.37kHz. The strapping pins function normally after reset release, but they should still be used with caution. So Ive found that the PWM of my Arduino Uno wasnt in 25KhZ which was the frequency of my PWMs fan. ![]() However, if peripherals are connected to these pins, you may encounter issues when attempting to upload new code or flash the ESP32 with new firmware, as these peripherals prevent the ESP32 from entering the correct mode. ![]() Beside these registers arduino can put the PWM pin in four. For PWM, arduino has three timers one for two pins like: -timer 0- for pins 5 and 6. To modify these values we need to work with timers (which contains registers). Timer1 is a complex piece of hardware because it is also used as a PWM generator (Pulse Width Modulation) and it allows many types of PWM signal. On most development boards with built-in USB/Serial, you don’t need to worry about the state of these pins, as the board puts them in the correct state for flashing or boot mode. The arduino uno can generate frequencies for PWM pins up to 8Mhz. Depending on the state of these pins, the ESP32 will enter BOOT mode or FLASH mode at power on. These pins are used to put the ESP32 into BOOT mode (to run the program stored in the flash memory) or FLASH mode (to upload the program to the flash memory).
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